Engineer Cafe

SOME IMPORTANT CIVIL ENGINEERING ABBREVIATION

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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">-DPC-Damp proof course.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">· RCC-Reinforced cement concrete.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">· R.B.W- Reinforced brick work.</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><br />· C.I.Sheet-Corrugated Iron sheet.<br />· C.I.Pipe -Cast iron pipe.<br />· NCF-Neat cement finishing.<br />· SWG-Standard wire gauge.<br />· MB-Measurement book.<br />· GP-Ground plane.<br />· VP-Vertical plane.<br />· HP-Horizontal plane.<br />· CP-Cement plaster.<br />· LC-Lime concrete.<br />· CC-Cement concrete.<br />· AC-Asbests cement.<br />· CS-Comparative statement.<br />· PERT-Programme Evaluation and Review Technique.<br />· CPM-Critical path method .<br />· USD-Ultimate strength design.<br />· W.S.D-Working stress design.<br />· BNBC-Bangladesh national building code.<br />· PL-Plinth level.<br />· GL-Ground level.<br />· EGL-Existing ground level.<br />· OGL-Original ground level .<br />· FGL-Formation ground level.<br />· HFL-Highest flood level.<br />· RL- Reduced level.<br />· A.C.I-American concrete institute.<br />· A.A.S.H.O- American Association of state highway official.<br />· A.R.E.A-American Railway engineering association.<br />· A.S.T.M-American society for testing materials .<br />· B.S.I-Bangladesh standard institute.<br />· B.S.T.I-Bangladesh standard testing institute.<br />· ISI-Indian standard institute.<br />· W.C-Water closet.<br />· B.M-Bending moment.<br />· L.L-Live load.<br />· D.L-Dead load.<br />· E.L-Environmental load.<br />· U.S.C-Ultimate stress of concrete.<br />· A.S.C-Allowable Stress of concrete.<br />· F.M-Findness modulas.<br />. B.M-Bench mark .<br />. PVC- Poly vinyl choloride .<br />. UPVC- Unplasticized Poly vinyl choloride.<br />. PPR - Poly Propylene Random</span></div>

SOME IMPORTANT CIVIL ENGINEERING ABBREVIATION

-DPC-Damp proof course. · RCC-Reinforced cement concrete. · R.B.W- Reinforced brick work. · C.I.Sheet-Corrugated Iron sheet. · C.I.Pipe -...

According to the RAJUK rules in place in the new building policy

0 RAJUK 9:22 PM

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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">- Two Katha or below the amount of land to build a house or hotel at around 30 percent of the land will have to leave. </span><br />
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">- Two Katha to Three katha land up to 32 percent to leave the field,</span><br />
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"> - 3 to 5 katha </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">land up to 34 percent to leave the field,</span><br />
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">- 5 to 10 katha land for construction will have to leave the around 37 percent. </span><br />
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">- 9 to 12 katha land to leave land at 39 percent, </span><br />
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">- From 12 to 14 and a half katha 42 percent, </span><br />
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">- </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">From 14 to 18 katha </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">land up to 44 percent to leave the field,</span><br />
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">- About 18 katha land to build the house to leave the place at around 47 percent.</span></div>

According to the RAJUK rules in place in the new building policy

- Two Katha or below the amount of land to build a house or hotel at around 30 percent of the land will have to leave. - Two Katha to...

Copy the text you see in the pictures/image is not easily missed

0 TUTORIALS 2:08 AM

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<header style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="name" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: 'Open Sans', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 40px; margin: 6px 0px 7px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">How are you? I hope by the grace of God, you will have a good achenaaja not copy pictures to the text?</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">There are many pictures in which many gurattapurna thakeamadera this text written in many cases a lot of time is required to copy the hayakintu usually a copy of the text, we can not do this.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a></span></h1>
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<a href="http://www.pchelplinebd.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/office_onenote_11.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4db2ec; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none !important;" target="_blank"><img alt=" Copy the text in the pictures effortlessly" border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIUvwwXr90Ft1QvWDpvKQUagvJafeHjjt4A0YwpsEi4nbNeud3QKhcw0tQxy9LyT8aj44845SbXv3ZOc73E94VS10phWLNCcSqGwUSUU-H9TzsxjvjgyC_ERpU-UHF3l6uo7pYgR3N8g/s1600/office_onenote_1.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 21px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">If you wish, you can copy the text of the parabenaejanya who easily nasudhu you will need more than just run when Microsoft Office OneNote. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">It is installed with Microsoft Office.</span></span></div>
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first run 'Microsoft Office OneNote'</div>
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then copy image (any format whether jpg, bmp, png  etc) and paste it in Microsoft Office OneNote ।<br />
remember that "do not try  “open with”  option then you will see error message।</div>
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<a href="http://www.pchelplinebd.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/office_onenote_1.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4db2ec; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none !important;" target="_blank"><img alt=" Copy the text in the pictures effortlessly" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-680" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhhyphenhyphen9VxuvEdgcbPn7ZXERB7780zLCH5KbL0CImjVbQttD0oOqRyO7kpPsZxc5maCt-kkL0ZvnVwGFTgPLP1jPWNssPdp1ylrw6u3jMeV6yKRAvEtPx1vU7dDXgZoeqroKzW7lv15SgqDhjrFvsUd3DuOve_t3qCzsENB2L4ooB7EQaaun4=" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 6px auto 21px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Now that the copy writing, then right-click to select pm </span><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Text From Copy Picture</b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> "copies of writings that you can effortlessly click the </span><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Word Document</b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> You can paste it in.</span><br />
<a href="http://www.pchelplinebd.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/office_onenote_2.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4db2ec; outline: none;" target="_blank"><img alt=" Copy the text in the pictures effortlessly" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-681 " height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEj6nGugvbh8ridZoA_F_J_j42tSIaJb2IETumW_UQXdfqr0YDcleIW-wGX_tn6rEiWEzU_C7QQpkuZZaLBZE1lbS2BSlj3kWuNvPARiXPIywAfMTMu_9tflcPUUeu7rGfY1EXTvj7_D9sKFrUfUylvFi2yhEZECdzopqyxUU50KmkjGh_0=" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 6px auto 21px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; text-align: center; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="" width="500" /></a></div>
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If you thinking about "formatting of the pasted content" then you apply "paste option" then select option “<b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Keep Source formatting</b>”</div>
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Copy the text you see in the pictures/image is not easily missed

How are you? I hope by the grace of God, you will have a good achenaaja not copy pictures to the text? There are many pictures in which ...

ETABS 2015 TUTORIALS PDF DOWNLOAD

0 Engineer, ENGR-SOFTWARE 11:46 PM

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<header style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, arial, verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 21.6667px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 fast download,CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 free download,download CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 free full version,free CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 download full version for pc with crack,crack CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 free download,CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 direct download,direct CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 free download,CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 download for free,CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 direct download,CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 full direct version download,CSI ETABS 2015 v15.0.0.1221 x86 / x64 torrent download,<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">ETABS</b>  – Software analysis and design of building structures for civil engineers a special software for the analysis and design of building structures is.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Use this software to analyze and design these structures is oriented.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">All the elements of a building are known for.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Processor design is very complete and all building elements can be found in the software design.</span></header><br />
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<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">This program has been developed for building systems.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">The idea of building plans have been proposed 35 years ago (1963 Klavf RW).</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">However, the need for special programs such as ETABS became more apparent when the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of structural engineers to practical use, and with the advent of computers today with the power of computers for the top larger and more complex structures were used by engineers.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">ETABS program in steel and concrete frame design criteria for seismic design of buildings are all considered.</span><span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">The program will be based on the criteria of plasticity concrete frame and average ordinary and special design.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Steel buildings are also special rules of ordinary and special moment frames and braced systems converge and diverge in terms of the design.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">In addition to the analysis and design is extraordinary, full two-way communication program ETABS <a class="backlink" href="http://www.novadownloads.com/wp-content/plugins/ssd/l.php?http://translate.googleusercontent.com%2Ftranslate_c%3Fdepth%3D1%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bprev%3Dsearch%26amp%3Brurl%3Dtranslate.google.co.in%26amp%3Bsl%3Dfa%26amp%3Bu%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fp30download.com%2Ffa%2Fsoftware%2F%26amp%3Busg%3DALkJrhgeI65E_foF5ZQgBEkhm2g8O6o2nA" style="border: 0px none; color: #c20000; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;">software</a> other more.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">ETABS SAFE program automatically creates an input file.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">SAP2000 ETABS program also has the ability to create the input file.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">ETABS in the new edition of the Mac line that calls the geometry and grid software is AutoCAD. Ability to send geometry to AutoCAD software and other characteristics as well. </span></div>
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<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">A key feature of the software ETABS:</b></span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Analytical capabilities:</b></span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">– Knowledge of building elements and classes</span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">– Automatic calculation of mass and center of gravity</span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">– Transfer of gravity of the floor beams</span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">– Production and distribution of lateral loads between levels of classes</span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">– Modeling and ramp shell elements are</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Design Features:</b></span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">– Steel Frame Design</span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">– Concrete Frame Design</span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">– Design of shear walls</span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">– The design of composite beams</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">For nearly 30 years, <b style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">ETABS</b> has been recognized as the industry standard for Building Analysis <b style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">and</b> Design Software.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Today, continuing in the same tradition, ETABS has evolved into a completely integrated building analysis and design environment.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">The system built around a physical object based graphical user interface, powered by targeted new special purpose algorithms for analysis and design, with interfaces for drafting and manufacturing, is redefining standards of integration, productivity and technical innovation.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">The integrated model can include moment resisting frames, braced frames, staggered truss systems, frames with reduced beam sections or side plates, rigid and flexible floors, sloped roofs, ramps and parking structures, mezzanine floors, multiple tower buildings and stepped diaphragm systems with complex concrete, composite or steel joist floor framing systems.</span> <span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">solutions to complex problems such as panel zone deformations, diaphragm shear stresses, and construction sequence loading are now at your fingertips.</span></div>
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<span class="notranslate" style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">ETABS is the solution, whether you are designing a simple 2D frame or performing a dynamic analysis of a complex high-rise that utilizes non-linear dampers for inter-story drift control.</span></div>
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0 Autocad, Design, TUTORIALS 12:48 AM

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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.25px;"><b>Autocad</b> is high profile design software in the world. autocad have so many version like autocad 2007 2010 2014 2016 if you want open new version autocad 2016/2015 save drawing in old version autocad 2007/2010 you cannot open. its big problem for autocad user. Today i make a parmanent solution for cad user. now you can change or convert any drawing version.</span><br />
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PILE LOAD CAPACITY CALCULATION

0 Design, FOUNDATION 12:57 AM

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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pile load capacity calculation is done to find the ultimate load the pile foundation can support when loaded. It is also known as the bearing capacity of piles. Pile load capacity calculation is done for single pile or a group of piles based on the requirement of number of piles for the given load or size of foundation. We will discuss here the load carrying capacity of both single pile and group of piles. </span><br />
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<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">SINGLE PILE CAPACITY CALCULATION:</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vertical Load:</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img alt="vertical load on pile" border="0" class="td-animation-stack-type0-2      ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image0021.jpg" height="178" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image0021.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="vertical load on pile" width="193" /><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The allowable resistance to compression  R<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">ac</span> of a single pile is provided by the end bearing, F<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">eb</span> and the skin friction for each strata,F<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">sf</span>. Thus,</span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<img alt="clip_image010" border="0" class="  td-animation-stack-type0-2  ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image010.jpg" height="29" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image010.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="clip_image010" width="148" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Therefore, the maximum compressive service load that can be supported by a single pile is its total resistance less the self weight of the pile, W. Thus</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<img alt="clip_image012" border="0" class="  td-animation-stack-type0-2    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image012.jpg" height="31" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image012.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="clip_image012" width="219" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A pile can also resist a tensile load. The maximum tensile service load,</span><img alt="clip_image014" border="0" class="  td-animation-stack-type0-2  ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image014.jpg" height="17" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image014.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="clip_image014" width="18" /><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">that can be resisted by pile is</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<img alt="clip_image016" border="0" class="  td-animation-stack-type0-2  ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image016.jpg" height="28" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image016.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="clip_image016" width="134" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Values of the end bearing and skin friction resistance are obtained from soil exploration, pile driving energy and test loadings. These ultimate values are divided by a partial factor of safety of between 2 and 3 to give the allowable values  F<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">eb</span> and F<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">sf</span>.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Horizontal Load:</span></b></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Horizontal load on piles" border="0" class=" ing td-animation-stack-type0-2    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image020.jpg" height="175" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image020.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="Horizontal load on piles" width="184" /></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The horizontal capacity of a single pile is limited by maximum deflection that the structure can accommodate and also by the structural capacity of the pile.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There are several methods of determining the modulus of subgrade reaction (kN/m3) from which maximum horizontal capacity for a given deflection can be determined.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 29px; margin: 24px 0px 14px;">
<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">GROUP PILE CAPACITY CALCULATION:</span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Piles are generally arranged in groups to support heavy vertical loads. To minimize the size, and therefore the cost of the pile cap, the piles are arranged as close together as possible.</span></div>
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<img alt="Group pile capacity" border="0" class="ing  ing  ing    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed td-animation-stack-type0-2    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image022.jpg" height="330" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image022.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="Group pile capacity" width="261" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To provide undisturbed bearing capacity and suitable driving conditions, the recommended minimum clear distance between the piles is twice the diameter of the pile.</span></div>
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<img alt="Minimum clear spacing between piles" border="0" class="ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed td-animation-stack-type0-2    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image024.jpg" height="118" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image024.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="Minimum clear spacing between piles" width="133" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The total vertical service load on a group of piles should not exceed the group capacity, which is given by:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Group capacity= group friction capacity + group end bearing capacity</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">= 2D(L+K)k1 + BLk2</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Where k1 and k2 are soil coefficients. Individual pile loads within the group are limited to the single pile capacity.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Also here describe mostly followed design small book that can help you to design pile foundation and calculation pile capacity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/1oD89x" target="_blank">A comparison of friction piles bearing Capacity.pdf - 4.6 MB</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8AE" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Comparison of Five Different Methods for Determining.pdf - 4.0 MB</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8BJ" target="_blank">field-estimates-pile-capacity.pdf - 278 KB</a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8An" target="_blank">pile design1-das.pdf - 1.2 MB</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8Br" target="_blank">Pile Exmple Solution.pdf - 322 KB</a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8CS" target="_blank">Pile Foundation Design -2.pdf - 776 KB</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8D1" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pile Foundation Design.pdf - 1.2 MB</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8Db" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pile Foundations.pdf - 887 KB</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8EI" target="_blank">PILED FOUNDATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.pdf - 9.5 MB</a>  </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">also you can download foundation related books.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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PILE LOAD CAPACITY CALCULATION

Pile load capacity calculation is done to find the ultimate load the pile foundation can support when loaded. It is also known as the be...

Typical weights of building materials

0 Design, ENGINEERING CODE 1:07 AM

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="paragraph" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Most common materials:</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 175px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Material</span></em></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Description</span></em></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="wsite-spacer" style="height: 50px;">
</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="paragraph">
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Weight in kN/m2 U.N.O.</span></em></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div style="height: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 800px;">
</div>
<hr class="styled-hr" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.129412); border: 0pt none; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.129412); height: 1px; margin: 0px auto; text-align: center; width: 800px;" />
<div style="height: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 800px;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 174px;"><div class="paragraph">
Blockwork<br />
Brickwork<br />
Concrete<br />
Glass<br />
Steel<br />
Timber</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
Lightweight<br />
London stock<br />
Normal reinforcement<br />
Clear float<br />
Mild<br />
Softwood</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 142px;"><div class="wsite-spacer" style="height: 50px;">
</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="paragraph">
10 kN/m3<br />
19 kN/m3<br />
24 kN/m3<br />
25 kN/m3<br />
78 kN/m3<br />
6 kN/m3<br />
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Full list of materials:</span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Material</span></em></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Description</span></em></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 138px;"><div class="paragraph">
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Thickness/ </span></em><br />
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">quantity of unit</span></em></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="paragraph">
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Weight in kN/m2 U.N.O.</span></em></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div style="height: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 800px;">
</div>
<hr class="styled-hr" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.129412); border: 0pt none; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.129412); height: 1px; margin: 0px auto; text-align: center; width: 800px;" />
<div style="height: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 800px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> A</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Aggregate<br />
Aluminium<br />
<br />
<br />
Asphalt</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
Cast alloy<br />
Longstrip roofing<br />
Bronze<br />
Roofing - 2 layers<br />
Paving</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 137px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
0.8 mm<br />
<br />
25 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
16 kN/m3<br />
27 kN/m3<br />
0.022<br />
76 kN/m3<br />
0.58<br />
21 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>B</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Bituminous felt roofing<br />
Bitumen<br />
Blockboard<br />
Blockwork<br />
<br />
<br />
Books<br />
<br />
Brass<br />
Brickwork<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bronze</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 253px;"><div class="paragraph">
3 layers and vapour barrier<br />
<br />
Sheet<br />
Aerated concrete<br />
Dense aggregate<br />
Lightweight<br />
On shelves<br />
Bulk<br />
Cast<br />
Blue<br />
Engineering<br />
Fletton<br />
London stock<br />
Sand lime<br />
Cast</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 135px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
18 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
0.11<br />
11-13 kN/m3<br />
0.11<br />
5-9 kN/m3<br />
20 kN/m3<br />
7-14 kN/m3<br />
7 kN/m3<br />
8-11 kN/m3<br />
85 kN/m3<br />
24 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
19 kN/m3<br />
21 kN/m3<br />
83 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wsite-adsense" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>C</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Cast stone<br />
Cement<br />
Chalk<br />
Chippboard<br />
<br />
<br />
Chippings<br />
Clay<br />
Concrete<br />
<br />
<br />
Coal<br />
Copper<br />
<br />
Cork</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sheet<br />
Sheet<br />
Flat roof finish<br />
Undisturbed<br />
Aerated<br />
Lightweight aggregate<br />
Normal reinforced<br />
Loose lump<br />
Cast<br />
Longstrip roofing<br />
Granulated</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 136px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
18mm<br />
22mm<br />
1 layer<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
0.6 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
23 kN/m3<br />
15 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
7 kN/m3<br />
0.12<br />
0.15<br />
0.05<br />
19 kN/m3<br />
10 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
24 kN/m3<br />
9 kN/m3<br />
87 kN/m3<br />
0.05<br />
1 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> F</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
False ceiling<br />
Felt</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
Steel framing<br />
Roofing underlay<br />
Insulating<br />
3 layer plus chippings</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 139px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
50 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
0.1<br />
0.015<br />
0.05<br />
0.35</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>G</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Glass<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Glass wool<br />
Gold<br />
Granite<br />
Gravel</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 250px;"><div class="paragraph">
Crushed/refuse<br />
Clear float<br />
Single glazing<br />
Double glazing<br />
Quilt<br />
<br />
<br />
Loose<br />
Undisturbed</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 136px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
100 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"><div class="paragraph">
16 kN/m3<br />
25 kN/m3<br />
0.3<br />
0.52<br />
0.01<br />
194 kN/m3<br />
27.3 kN/m3<br />
16 kN/m3<br />
21 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>H</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Hardboard<br />
Hardcore<br />
Hardwood<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Hollow clay pot slabs</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
Greenheart<br />
Oak<br />
Iroko, teak<br />
Mahogany<br />
Including ribs & mortar (but not topping)</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 138px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
300 mm thick overall<br />
100 mm thick overall</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="paragraph">
6-8 kN/m3<br />
19 kN/m3<br />
10 kN/m3<br />
8 kN/m3<br />
7 kN/m3<br />
6 kN/m3<br />
12 kN/m3<br />
15 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> I</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Insulation<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Iron<br />
<br />
Ivory</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
Glass fibre<br />
Glass fibre<br />
Polystyrene<br />
Rockwool<br />
Cast<br />
Wrought</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 138px;"><div class="paragraph">
100 mm<br />
150 mm<br />
<br />
25 mm<br />
<br /></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
0.02<br />
0.03<br />
0.04<br />
0.01<br />
72 kN/m3<br />
77 kN/m3<br />
19 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> L</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Lead<br />
<br />
<br />
Lime<br />
<br />
<br />
Linoleum</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 246px;"><div class="paragraph">
Cast<br />
Sheet<br />
Sheet<br />
Hydrate (bags)<br />
Lump/quick (powder)<br />
Mortar (putty)<br />
Sheet</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 141px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
1.8 mm<br />
3.2 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
3.2 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
114 kN/m3<br />
0.21<br />
0.36<br />
6 kN/m3<br />
10 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
0.05</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wsite-adsense" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> M</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Macadam<br />
Magnesium<br />
Metal roof cladding<br />
MDF<br />
Mercury<br />
Mortar<br />
Mud</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 250px;"><div class="paragraph">
Paving<br />
<br />
Alloys<br />
Sheet</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 137px;"><div class="wsite-spacer" style="height: 50px;">
</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
21 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
0.07<br />
8 kN/m3<br />
136 kN/m3<br />
17-18 kN/m3<br />
17-20 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> P</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Partitions<br />
<br />
<br />
Patent glazing<br />
<br />
Pavement stones<br />
Peat<br />
Plaster<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Plastic<br />
Plywood<br />
<br />
<br />
Polystyrene<br />
Precast concrete</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 248px;"><div class="paragraph">
Plastered brick<br />
Medium dense plastered block<br />
Plaster board on timber stud<br />
Single glazed<br />
Double glazed<br />
Cast iron or concrete framed<br />
<br />
Plasterboard<br />
Plasterboard<br />
Wallboard and skim coat<br />
Lath and plaster<br />
Traditional lime plaster<br />
Traditional lath + plaster ceiling<br />
Plasterboard on timber stud<br />
Plastered brick 102 + 2 x 13mm<br />
Plastered medium density block<br />
Corrugated<br />
<br />
Sheet<br />
Sheet<br />
Expanded sheet<br />
Beam and block + 50 mm topping<br />
Hollowcore plank<br />
Hollowcore plank<br />
Hollowcore plank<br />
Solid plank plus 50 mm topping</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 140px;"><div class="paragraph">
102 + 2 x 13 mm<br />
100 + 2 x 13 mm<br />
100 + 2 x 13 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
100 mm<br />
<br />
12.5 mm<br />
19 mm<br />
13 mm<br />
19 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
12.5 mm<br />
19 mm<br />
<br />
150-225 mm<br />
150 mm<br />
200 mm<br />
250-450 mm<br />
75-300 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
2.6<br />
2.0<br />
0.35<br />
0.26-0.3<br />
0.52<br />
1.5<br />
11 kN/m3<br />
0.09<br />
0.15<br />
0.12<br />
0.25<br />
20 kN/m3<br />
0.5<br />
0.35<br />
2.6<br />
2.0<br />
0.04<br />
7 kN/m3<br />
0.08<br />
0.12<br />
0.2 kN/m3<br />
1.8-3.3<br />
2.4<br />
2.8<br />
3.7-5.5<br />
3.7-7.4</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> Q</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Quarry tiles</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
Including mortar & bedding</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 138px;"><div class="paragraph">
12.5 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
0.32</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> R</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Raised floors<br />
<br />
<br />
Ribbed slab<br />
Roofing tiles</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
Heavy duty<br />
Medium weight<br />
Lightweight<br />
<br />
Clay - plain<br />
Clay pantile<br />
Concrete<br />
Slate</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 138px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
250-500 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="paragraph">
0.5<br />
0.4<br />
0.3<br />
4.0-5.7<br />
0.77<br />
0.42<br />
0.51<br />
0.3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>S</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Sand<br />
<br />
Screed<br />
<br />
<br />
Slate<br />
Snow<br />
<br />
Softwood<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Soils<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Stainless steel roofing<br />
Steel<br />
Stone<br />
    Granite<br />
<br />
    Limestone<br />
<br />
<br />
    Marble<br />
    Sandstone<br />
<br />
<br />
    Slate<br />
Suspended ceiling</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
Dry, loose<br />
Wet, compact<br />
Sand/cement<br />
<br />
<br />
Slab<br />
Fresh<br />
Wet, compacted<br />
<br />
T&G (Tongue and Groove)<br />
T&G (Tongue and Groove)<br />
Battens for slating & tiling<br />
25 mm T&G boards on 100x50 timber joists @ 400 crs<br />
25 mm T&G boards on 250x50 timber joists @ 400 crs<br />
Loose sand & gravels<br />
Dense sand & gravels<br />
Soft/firm clays & silts<br />
Stiff clays and silts<br />
Longstrip<br />
Mild<br />
<br />
Cornish (Cornwall)<br />
Rublislaw (Grampian)<br />
Bath (Wiltshire)<br />
Mansfield (Nottinghamshire)<br />
Portland (Dorset)<br />
Italian<br />
Bramley Fell (West Yorkshire)<br />
Forest of Dean (Gloucestershire)<br />
Dalrey Dale or Kerridge (Derbyshire)<br />
Welsh<br />
Aluminium<br />
Steel</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 139px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
50 mm<br />
75 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
15.5 mm<br />
22 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
0.4 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
16 kN/m3<br />
19 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
1.15<br />
1.8<br />
28 kN/m3<br />
1 kN/m3<br />
3 kN/m3<br />
6 kN/m3<br />
0.09<br />
0.12<br />
0.03<br />
0.23<br />
<br />
0.33<br />
<br />
16 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
21 kN/m3<br />
0.05<br />
78 kN/m3<br />
<br />
26 kN/m3<br />
25 kN/m3<br />
21 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
27 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
24 kN/m3<br />
23-25 kN/m3<br />
28 kN/m3<br />
0.05<br />
0.1</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> T</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Timber<br />
<br />
Terracotta<br />
Terrazzo<br />
Thatch</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
C16<br />
C24<br />
<br />
Paving<br />
Including battens</div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
20 mm<br />
305 mm</div>
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3.6 kN/m3<br />
4.1 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
0.42<br />
0.45</div>
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</div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> W</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
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<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
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Waffle slab<br />
Water<br />
Woodwool slabs</div>
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Standard moulds<br />
Fresh</div>
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325-525 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
6.0-8.6<br />
10 kN/m3<br />
6 kN/m3</div>
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</div>
</div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>Z</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
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<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
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Zinc</div>
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Cast<br />
Longstrip roofing</div>
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<br />
0.8 mm</div>
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72 kN/m3<br />
0.06</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Typical weights of building materials

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