Rebar compression tension Lap Length

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="gmail_default" style="color: magenta; font-family: verdana,sans-serif;"> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhLRvFJVDtV80a_J7tNvKloYuVZQuAzIXd7NXrcet8YysD8lJYmZV-ZRKULaVqRIwN4SJeXPFd3_JmA1y1Nkmd61z8jgc4_ito2xtF7U5JWw4NQbNJihaSeGa4jEOERr9bcl3QgGDdBAIKQjeD8ccKuElJ6zGL93oGmaWQNmrMODIuVYSvoXegYwTDqnA=" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.crsi.org/images/cmsIT/fckeditor/Image/steel/splice-lap_splice.jpg" style="height: 150px; max-width: 100%; width: 400px;" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A lap is when two pieces of rebar are overlapped to create a continuous line of rebar. The length of the lap varies depend on concrete strength, the rebar grade, size, and spacing. CRSI's "Reinforcement Anchorage and Splices" includes tables of required lap splice lengths based on these variables.</span></div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Contact splices--in which the bars touch and are wired together--are preferred because they are more secure against displacement during construction. Non-contact lap-spliced bars should not be spaced too far apart.</span></div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="300" src="http://www.crsi.org/images/cmsIT/fckeditor/image/steel/lap_splices.png" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="550" /></span></div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">For lap splice design and construction, the ACI 318 Building Code requires the Engineer to indicate locations and lengths of all lap splices on the structural drawings.</span></div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Where reinforcing bars of two sizes are lap-spliced in tension, industry practice is to use the larger of the tension lap splice length for the smaller bar, or the tension development length for the larger bar. When bars of different sizes are lap-spliced in compression, the lap splice length must be the larger of the compression development length of the larger bar or the compression lap splice length of the smaller bar.</span></div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Lap splices of #14 and #18 bars should not be used, except in compression only to #11 and smaller bars. Lap splices of bundled bars should be based on the lap splice length recommended for individual bars of the same size, and individual splices within the bundle should not overlap each other. The length of lap should be increased 20% for a 3-bar bundle and 33% for a 4-bar bundle. Bar laps should be securely wire-tied together to maintain the alignment of the bars and to provide minimum concrete cover.</span></div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 0.77rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-2469d475-2d34-e803-85ef-efe6f61dac10" style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 624px;"><colgroup><col width="*"></col><col width="*"></col><col width="*"></col></colgroup><tbody> <tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #b6d7a8; border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Bar Dia</b></span></div> </td><td style="background-color: #b6d7a8; border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Tension(inch)</b></span></div> </td><td style="background-color: #b6d7a8; border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Compression(inch)</b></span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10 mm</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12 mm</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16 mm</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20 mm</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">21</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">22 mm</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">27</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">21</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25 mm</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">30</span></div> </td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #141823; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">27</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; width: 470px;"><tbody> <tr valign="top"><td style="font-stretch: normal; padding-left: 10px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhLRvFJVDtV80a_J7tNvKloYuVZQuAzIXd7NXrcet8YysD8lJYmZV-ZRKULaVqRIwN4SJeXPFd3_JmA1y1Nkmd61z8jgc4_ito2xtF7U5JWw4NQbNJihaSeGa4jEOERr9bcl3QgGDdBAIKQjeD8ccKuElJ6zGL93oGmaWQNmrMODIuVYSvoXegYwTDqnA=" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhLRvFJVDtV80a_J7tNvKloYuVZQuAzIXd7NXrcet8YysD8lJYmZV-ZRKULaVqRIwN4SJeXPFd3_JmA1y1Nkmd61z8jgc4_ito2xtF7U5JWw4NQbNJihaSeGa4jEOERr9bcl3QgGDdBAIKQjeD8ccKuElJ6zGL93oGmaWQNmrMODIuVYSvoXegYwTDqnA=" --><!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crsi.org%2Fimages%2FcmsIT%2Ffckeditor%2FImage%2Fsteel%2Fsplice-lap_splice.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhLRvFJVDtV80a_J7tNvKloYuVZQuAzIXd7NXrcet8YysD8lJYmZV-ZRKULaVqRIwN4SJeXPFd3_JmA1y1Nkmd61z8jgc4_ito2xtF7U5JWw4NQbNJihaSeGa4jEOERr9bcl3QgGDdBAIKQjeD8ccKuElJ6zGL93oGmaWQNmrMODIuVYSvoXegYwTDqnA=" -->

Rebar compression tension Lap Length

A lap is when two pieces of rebar are overlapped to create a continuous line of rebar. The length of the lap varies depend on concrete st...

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HOW TO CALCULATE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL ON SITE?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <img alt="How to calculate safe bearing capacity of soil on site" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2200" height="224" src="http://civilblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/How-to-calculate-safe-bearing-capacity-of-soil-on-site.jpg" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="HOW TO CALCULATE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL ON SITE?" width="448" /></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> This simple and quick field test will give you a rough idea of bearing capacity of soil.</div> <h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: #00ccff; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCEDURE</span></h2> <ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 1.5em 0px 1.571em 1.9em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Excavate a pit of required depth. (preferably equal to the depth of foundation)</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Take a solid ball or square cube of known weight and dimension.</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Drop the ball or square cube several times, from a known height on to the bottom surface of excavated pit.</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Calculate the average depth of impression made several times on the bottom surface of the excavated pit. Let “d” is the average depth of impression.</li> </ol> <h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"> <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #00ccff; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CALCULATION</span></strong></h2> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Calculate the ultimate resistance of soil ( R ) using the formula given below.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">R = (w * h) / d</strong></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Where,</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> R = Ultimate resistance of soil (in kg)</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> d = Average depth of impression (in cm)</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> w = Weight of the solid ball or square cube (in kg)</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> h = Height of fall of solid ball or cube (in cm)</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> If “A” is the cross-sectional area of the solid steel ball or cube, then resistance of soil per unit area is calculated using following formula.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Resistance of soil per unit area (in kg/cm<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>) = R / A</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Safe bearing capacity (in kg/cm<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>) = R / (A * F.O.S)</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Where,</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> F.O.S = Factor of safety</div> <h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">NOTES TO REMEMBER</span></h3> <ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 1.5em 0px 1.571em 1.9em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">F.O.S varies from 2 to 3 depending upon the type of structure and site condition.</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In order to get reliable test result, perform this test on different types of soil and then use your judgment to reach at any conclusion.</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Instead of using solid steel ball or square cube, we can also use CBR test plunger, or Cone (used for cone penetration test)</li> </ol> <h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"> <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #00ccff; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PRESUMPTIVE BEARING CAPACITY</span></strong></h2> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> The table given below shows the presumptive bearing capacity values for different types of soils. This table will guide you to reach at any conclusion after conducting the test.</div> <table style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 621px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Type of Soil / Rock</strong></td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Safe / Allowable Bearing Capacity (kg/cm<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>)</strong></td></tr> <tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Rock</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">32.40</td></tr> <tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Soft rock</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">4.40</td></tr> <tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Coarse sand</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">4.40</td></tr> <tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Medium sand</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">2.45</td></tr> <tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Fine sand</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">4.40</td></tr> <tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Soft shell / Stiff clay</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">1.00</td></tr> <tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Soft clay</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">1.00</td></tr> <tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Very soft clay</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">0.50</td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">NOTES TO REMEMBER</span></h3> <ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 1.5em 0px 1.571em 1.9em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For non-cohesive soils the values should be reduced by 50% if the water table is above or near base of footing.</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">These values should be used only for preliminary design. The actual bearing capacity of soil should be calculated as per the standard codes.</li> </ol> <div> <span style="color: #555555; font-family: Droid Sans, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 23px;">Main post from: http://civilblog.org/</span></span></div> </div>

HOW TO CALCULATE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL ON SITE?

This simple and quick field test will give you a rough idea of bearing capacity of soil. PROCEDURE Excavate a pit of required depth....

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Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation.

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">The load-bearing wall of a single-storey building is to be supported on a wide reinforced strip foundation.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">A site investigation has revealed loose-to-medium granular soils from ground level to some considerable depth. The soil is variable with a safe bearing capacity ranging from 75–125 kN/m2. Also some soft spots were identified, where the bearing capacity could not be relied upon.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">The building could be supported on ground beams and piles taken down to a firm base, but in this case the solution chosen is to design a wide reinforced strip foundation  capable of spanning across a soft area of nominal width. </span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">To minimize differential settlements and allow for the soft areas, the allowable bearing pressure will be limited to n</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">a</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> = 50 kN/m2 throughout. Soft spots encountered during construction will be removed and replaced with lean mix concrete; additionally, the footing will be designed to span 2.5 m across anticipated depressions. This value has been derived from the guidance for local depressions given later on raft foundations. The ground floor slab is designed to be suspended, although it will be cast using the ground as permanent formwork.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Loadings</b></i></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEFPUtEg_rdHj-OU-_KybKSXLO0yW_oGWkpP8ou1dcJvus_F-rxG2x8ViqXXtMjAiTrNMqxR2cXaFyalTDoSJFxYxI9HaYe61XQu4YRk6FdX54Hg5OOA36ZdS-rpNiiJkDJ2M4Cz2V_cSx/s1600/38.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." /></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">If the foundations and superstructure are being designed  to limit state principles, loads should be kept as separate</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><u style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </u></span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">unfactored characteristic dead and imposed values (as above), both for foundation bearing pressure design and for serviceability checks. The loads should then be factored up for the design of individual members at the ultimate limit state as usual.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">For foundations under dead and imposed loads only,  factoring up loads for reinforcement design is best done  by selecting an average partial load factor, γP, to cover both dead and imposed superstructure loads from</span><b style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> Fig. 11.22</b><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> (this is a copy of </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg96-BjjQ7g2YnW9CvKDGH-wk3FY7SBbTvv07TkW27dcNS4LcOMhfKRTYwiaYg9Y2O8oTM78oXRoUg_hCbGg20oSyDI35l6dtGuidtD9jqLetH0ywddjENY0UUC9zXo0neVAI70fxpkg6Yk/s1600/35.gif" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fig. 11.20</b> Reinforced concrete strip design conditions.</a><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">).</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 5px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8s4PFSP181usAMyWFoHVlEToetz9C360cOSvhqKlj0mIHuZXx3nK0KYMl4x3M61aeq4rYYFXtQuwP1bQMbIUZSLvoy8QxqbvRKMOgX8i0Pl6K1GenuX5xBic51RVwdskQBOoynYb-VIhk/s1600/48.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Combined partial safety factor for dead + imposed loads." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8s4PFSP181usAMyWFoHVlEToetz9C360cOSvhqKlj0mIHuZXx3nK0KYMl4x3M61aeq4rYYFXtQuwP1bQMbIUZSLvoy8QxqbvRKMOgX8i0Pl6K1GenuX5xBic51RVwdskQBOoynYb-VIhk/s1600/48.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Combined partial safety factor for dead + imposed loads." /></span></a></td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 9.60000038146973px; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fig. 11.22</b> Combined partial safety factor for dead + imposed loads.</span></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgc92VQhqxOj8n_g2HkAF7Lmot0myHxG_gj5GVplcY8w9Hw4a6hew9d8lO0Knb43GrnAuW7HMlFOV1mqxftY5R7lfnMWnDMHUdN7-166QVSFibM1PaRnpfEJfXVVFMSG0EK9EaSNEzuf-j/s1600/39.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgc92VQhqxOj8n_g2HkAF7Lmot0myHxG_gj5GVplcY8w9Hw4a6hew9d8lO0Knb43GrnAuW7HMlFOV1mqxftY5R7lfnMWnDMHUdN7-166QVSFibM1PaRnpfEJfXVVFMSG0EK9EaSNEzuf-j/s1600/39.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></a></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">From </span><b style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Fig. 11.22</b><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">, the combined partial safety factor for superstructure loads is γ</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">P</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> = 1.46.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Weight of base and backfill, f = average density × depth</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">                                             = 20 × 0.9</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">                                             = 18.0 kN/m2</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">This is all dead load, thus the combined partial load factor for foundation loads, γ</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">F</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> = 1.4.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sizing of foundation width</b></i><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">New ground levels are similar to existing ones, thus the (weight of the) new foundation imposes no additional  surcharge, and may be ignored.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">The minimum foundation width is given by </span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuG0nULO4BMtbkQyoR0aH8NkmmB0Q6Q86QCVIo4BN5mdZKC6K-5eniKxTilp79rQwp2eYbn5RUgx04D4_LMb1HS7gEedOqB6hmCOLb1fvkK6RYC-40cvWjqCcrgC8mMl40MZ1Qj-EVVxlA/s1600/40.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Adopt a 1.2 m wide × 350 mm deep reinforced strip foundation, using grade 35 concrete (</span><b style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">see Fig. 11.23</b><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">).</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkBi7o9WxMBkbHWDk1vpf1Lq_eGmX5f-1cPaPTSUv1ap37CBr7FNLk3ccdqo0qDOr4Ei2xfqVOctbJ_tDt1DWUpQ75PIhZmwLdOA_KCWkwK5-1Z1HzhG_Bt5rgxEb8mh8EscsEicT1HzCk/s1600/49.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." /></span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Fig. 11.23</b> Reinforced strip foundation design example – loads and bearing pressures.</span></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Reactive upwards design pressure for lateral reinforcement design </b></i></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMmAuf2u3kNjcHGmTx7xEuBsTG0PBYpCLmDzDWRJjqCtvVu6HHrOuG37vQ0rdkU4mYisSyfA0hopjm8eaX1eR3zcURli5YHhROX5X11k0Dexi0DwCWiHv8QIgQDy6bBzflk0JKk4Dm-nCF/s1600/41.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." /></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lateral bending and shear</b></i><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">b = 1000 mm.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKEmxOWNbfoluQ34BoH0NIKN0sNONSmKsTbQpBkHgcd7dV8ZlvmdRCIHLS0jMOBn3FV68ON_vVOogWiNb8Yn_RMWhOq-mdp6FVohYPzl0-1U4zqgmZC5OmW3zEPnlQ5PcudAocSF-qsjnL/s1600/42.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEichc8Q3ngoFES_-5Tm_Dm4Ibvm9i217_Iq1nAsOZmyPVTE71N6qV_ch9TEkRhkHBkU6vzHuhqfTD4D3gZnZ0pGWUv8_sQ1J5OGjtFcBwXQaADiIOv7d2x1kI-28b3u8h5qzxF3-ME3MsvI/s1600/44.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." /></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Thus vu < vc , therefore no shear reinforcement is required.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Loading for spanning over depressions</b></i><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Where a local depression occurs, the foundation is acting like a suspended slab. The ultimate load causing bending and shear in the foundation is the total load i.e. superstructure load + foundation load, which is given by</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWHj31xbSVxaTgo8V8vkts0zVkFH_MGDEaHNVkfN5VOfkjpnsZAGJuEcSXEUt9fRLS1K3bOEaFD6QEABPyDb-U7YhWnl8EQnkVQWSxZSfYBWPuY8T9czEwoglbuQz0PP2wWPogJFnvMo0k/s1600/45.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Longitudinal bending and shear due to depressions</b></i><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Ultimate moment due to foundation spanning – assumed simply supported – over a 2.5 m local depression is</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj18n-mdSg3LrmTtR2tHEjpYsjuEH5TKsMVWJgVLt7Rb-SMXLYPMxnrk3heEyQtr3KoKkF1AQFyZw8rMXEviSsVmPeTKHY09YjxOYAx0HJEzzxDvEnQf6WypE0qB8Kb_J7fyM00S4CaEkuD/s1600/46.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Width for reinforcement design is b = B = 1200 mm.</span></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB8xotneR9huxJQKcPAkswsMu6fmhSR4UKxMyIUjQ1HzTIY_M9B5VsBRO9InrLzXjZRd0f00No9Kwhom3NR08cLB0pqSDng4xIJhTrFHTekl1BQug1Aegt-WtVDnaKkk-EJDQnCd9GFzWN/s1600/47.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." /></span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Thus vu < vc = 0.49 N/mm2, therefore no shear reinforcement is needed.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Depression at corner of building</b></i><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">The previous calculations have assumed that the depression is located under a continuous strip footing. The</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">depression could also occur at the corner of a building where two footings would meet at right angles. A similar calculation should then be carried out, to provide top reinforcement for both footings to cantilever at these corners.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRiUJUpaqzuLMJ0oLwUAJUI6GOxoZoMB0PedhW3qdJLcBZ3cveIo4Lv9wEPy-8tV3PNILPF6FnxeqOwNV40ImNtch09kDSyf5RrZpUotL9lKKQ5xJcPu-aKWwRoNKi30pjz3jtrcYJh4zT/s320/50.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fig. 11.24</b> Reinforced strip footing design example – reinforcement.</span></span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main post </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.9999990463257px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.abuildersengineer.com/</span></span></div> </div>

Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation.

The load-bearing wall of a single-storey building is to be supported on a wide reinforced strip foundation. A site investigation has reveal...

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Land Measurement Conversion Between Katha Bigha, Acre

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <a href="http://tinypic.com/?ref=2w4d91g" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="Land Measurement Conversion Between KKatha Bigha, Acre" border="0" height="200" src="http://i57.tinypic.com/2w4d91g.jpg" title="Land Measurement Conversion Between KKatha Bigha, Acre" width="200" /></a><br /> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A <b>katha</b> (also spelled <i>kattha</i> or <i>cottah</i>) is a unit of area in <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Bangladesh</span> and <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">India</span> approximately equal to 1/20 of a <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bigha</span>.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This unit is still in use in much of Bangladesh and India, but the size varies significantly from place to place. In the Indian state of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Bihar</span>, one katha may vary from 750 ft² to 2000 ft². Also this can be 32 by 30 feet in length and breadth respectively.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Bangladesh</span>, one katha is standardized to 720 sq ft area, and 20 katha equals to 1 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">bigha</span>.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Katha is still in use in <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Nepal</span>, where it is equivalent to 338.57 m² (3,644.3 ft²).</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.8pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1m</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 10.76 sft</span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.8pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.8pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 decimal = 436 ft</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.8pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.8pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 squre mile=640 Acre</span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.8pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 katha = 720ft</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 80 Goj</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.8pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 8.80000019073486px; line-height: 11.7333345413208px;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 katha = 1.65 decimal/shotangsho</span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.8pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 5.6pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 Acre=3 biga=4 chotak=60 katha=43200 sft=4014 m2</span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 5.6pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1km</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">=247 Acre=741 biga=14820 katha=10670400sft=991672 m</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 5.6pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 8.80000019073486px; line-height: 11.7333345413208px;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1biga=20 katha=720X20sft=14400ft</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">=14400/10.76=1338m</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 5.6pt;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-24a0039b-792c-fed6-60be-cb42f87cf99e"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1hectare=2.47Acre=7.41biga=148.2katha=106704 ft</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">=9</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.6666666666667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9916 m</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 8.8px; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></span></span></div> </div> </div>

Land Measurement Conversion Between Katha Bigha, Acre

A  katha  (also spelled  kattha  or  cottah ) is a unit of area in  Bangladesh  and  India  approximately equal to 1/20 of a  bigha . ...

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Structural Engineer Pocket Book Pdf download

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <span style="clear: left; color: #444444; float: left; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Structural Engineer Pocket Book Pdf download" src="http://i.imgur.com/fUjmaK4.jpg" title="source: imgur.com" /></span><br /> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Structural engineering</b> is a field of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">engineering</span> dealing with the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">analysis</span> and design of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">structures</span> that support or resist <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">loads.</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Structural engineers</span> are most commonly involved in the design of buildings and large <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nonbuilding structures</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IStructE_2-0" style="font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; white-space: nowrap;">[</span>2]</sup> but they can also be involved in the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">design</span> of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">machinery</span>, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">medical equipment</span>, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vehicles</span> or any item where structural integrity affects the item's function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design criteria, predicated on safety (i.e. structures must not collapse without due warning) or serviceability and performance (i.e. building sway must not cause discomfort to the occupants).</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Structural engineering theory is based upon applied <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">physical laws</span> and <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">empirical</span> knowledge of the structural performance of different materials and geometries. Structural engineering design utilizes a number of simple <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">structural elements</span> to build complex <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">structural systems</span>. Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials to achieve these goals.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://userscloud.com/6lagajscqxo7" target="_blank">structural-engineer's-pocket-book.pdf - 2.1 MB</a> </div>

Structural Engineer Pocket Book Pdf download

Structural engineering  is a field of  engineering  dealing with the  analysis  and design of  structures  that support or resist  load...

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Water Cement Ratio Relation with Slump test

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <a href="http://imgur.com/wR0ECHZ" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/wR0ECHZ.png?1" title="source: imgur.com" /></a><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">water–cement ratio</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of </span><span style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">cement</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> used in a </span><span style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">concrete</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> mix and has an important influence on the quality of concrete produced. A lower water-cement ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix more difficult to place. Placement difficulties can be resolved by using </span><span style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">plasticizers</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> or </span><span style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">super-plasticizers</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <br /> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Concrete hardens as a result of the chemical reaction between cement and water (known as <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">hydration</span>, this produces heat and is called the heat of hydration). For every pound (or kilogram or any unit of weight) of cement, about 0.25 pounds (or 0.25 kg or corresponding unit) of water is needed to fully complete the hydration reactions. This requires a water-cement ratio of 1:4 often given as a proportion: 0.25. However, a mix with a w/c ratio of 0.25 may not mix thoroughly, and may not flow well enough to be placed, so more water is used than is technically necessary to react with the cement. More typical water-cement ratios of 0.4 to 0.6 are used. For higher-strength concrete, lower water:cement ratios are used, along with a plasticizer to increase flowability.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Too much water will result in <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">segregation of the sand and aggregate components from the cement paste</span>. Also, water that is not consumed by the hydration reaction may leave the concrete as it hardens, resulting in microscopic pores(bleeding) that will reduce the final strength of the concrete. A mix with too much water will experience more shrinkage as the excess water leaves, resulting in internal cracks and visible fractures (particularly around inside corners) which again will reduce the final strength.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <a href="http://imgur.com/fPzhjLt" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/fPzhjLt.jpg" title="source: imgur.com" /></a><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The 1997 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Uniform Building Code</span> specifies a maximum 0.50 water-to-cement ratio (1:2) when concrete is exposed to freezing and thawing in a moist condition or to de-icing chemicals, and a maximum 0.45 water to cement ratio for concrete in severe or very severe sulfate conditions.</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> </div> </div> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://imgur.com/3sSl655"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/3sSl655.gif" title="source: imgur.com" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /></div> <a href="http://imgur.com/jLUX0Pr"><img height="392" src="http://i.imgur.com/jLUX0Pr.png" title="source: imgur.com" width="640" /></a><br /> <br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Slump relation with concrete strength.</span></h3> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> </div> <a href="http://imgur.com/5bgRqVk"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/5bgRqVk.jpg" title="source: imgur.com" /></a></div>

Water Cement Ratio Relation with Slump test

The  water–cement ratio  is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of  cement  used in a  concrete  mix and has an important in...

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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (General Technical Specification)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <a href="http://imgur.com/Jkotd8D" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (General Technical Specification)" height="266" src="http://i.imgur.com/Jkotd8Dl.jpg" title="source: imgur.com" width="400" /></a> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">General<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /></span> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This specification shall apply to structural steel work. For technological structures, additional stipulations shall be considered as per technical requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Design considerations<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">General<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Structures shall be designed such that they are economical and safe and meet the functional and service requirement of the technological process for which they are designed. The architectural planning of the building shall be based on technological requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The structures shall be designed conforming to the relevant safety regulations, Factory Acts, Electricity Rules and stipulations of statutory bodies as applicable to the project.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Natural ventilation shall be provided ensuring that it does not permit rain water entry into the building. Scope of natural lighting shall be used to the maximum possible extent.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mild steel gutters and down-pipes with gutter outlets having grating cover shall be provided to carry rain water from roofs of buildings to the drainage system at ground level. All gutters shall be designed as walkable with 600 mm sole width.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Adequate facilities in the form of monorails, hoists, platforms etc. shall be provided to facilitate repair and maintenance of overhead cranes, equipment, etc. Access to these platforms shall be provided by stairs / ladders from the nearest accessible floor or platform.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Access to all floors, gangways and landings shall be by staircases. Access to platforms and landing of secondary importance or where such access is used only rarely, shall be by vertical ladders with safety hoops.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Roofs with access shall be provided with safety handrails along the periphery of the roof.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Edges of floors, gangways, stairs and landings shall be provided with safety hand railings.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">At gable ends of buildings, platforms shall be provided connecting the walkways at crane gantry level.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Floors, gangways and landings shall be covered as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a) Gangways and landings shall have chequered plate with a minimum thickness of 6mm o/p suitably stiffened to meet design load requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">b) Floors and operating platforms other than the above shall have chequered plate flooring or hot dip galvanised open gratings, or RCC slab resting on steel structural framework, to suit the technological requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Protective metal heat shields shall be provided for steel structures exposed to continuous heat radiation of temperature exceeding 150 °C and also where hot metal splashing on structures is likely to occur.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All buildings and their foundations shall be designed so that it shall be possible to extend them in the longitudinal direction at a later date without further strengthening of gable structures. Provision for transverse extension, if any, shall also be made at the initial stage.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sheeting on sides and gables shall generally terminate 3.0 m above ground floor level unless required to be otherwise. Sides below this level shall be generally screened by brick walls allowing sufficient air inlet to achieve natural ventilation, unless otherwise required from technological / ventilation requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Connection by permanent bolts to structural elements subject to vibration shall be provided with lock nuts.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For Analysis/ design of steel structural frame work STAAD PRO software shall be used. </span></div> </div> </div>

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (General Technical Specification)

General This specification shall apply to structural steel work. For technological structures, additional stipulations shall be con...

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