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Autocad is high profile design software in the world. autocad have so many version like autocad 2007 2010 2014 2016 if you want open new v...

PILE LOAD CAPACITY CALCULATION

0 Design, FOUNDATION 12:57 AM

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<a href="http://s21.postimg.org/x50qzukqf/forces.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img alt="PILE LOAD CAPACITY CALCULATION" border="0" height="220" src="https://s21.postimg.org/x50qzukqf/forces.gif" title="PILE LOAD CAPACITY CALCULATION" width="192" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pile load capacity calculation is done to find the ultimate load the pile foundation can support when loaded. It is also known as the bearing capacity of piles. Pile load capacity calculation is done for single pile or a group of piles based on the requirement of number of piles for the given load or size of foundation. We will discuss here the load carrying capacity of both single pile and group of piles. </span><br />
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">SINGLE PILE CAPACITY CALCULATION:</span></b></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vertical Load:</span></b></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img alt="vertical load on pile" border="0" class="td-animation-stack-type0-2      ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image0021.jpg" height="178" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image0021.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="vertical load on pile" width="193" /><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The allowable resistance to compression  R<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">ac</span> of a single pile is provided by the end bearing, F<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">eb</span> and the skin friction for each strata,F<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">sf</span>. Thus,</span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b></div>
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<img alt="clip_image010" border="0" class="  td-animation-stack-type0-2  ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image010.jpg" height="29" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image010.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="clip_image010" width="148" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Therefore, the maximum compressive service load that can be supported by a single pile is its total resistance less the self weight of the pile, W. Thus</span></div>
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<img alt="clip_image012" border="0" class="  td-animation-stack-type0-2    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image012.jpg" height="31" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image012.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="clip_image012" width="219" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A pile can also resist a tensile load. The maximum tensile service load,</span><img alt="clip_image014" border="0" class="  td-animation-stack-type0-2  ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image014.jpg" height="17" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image014.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="clip_image014" width="18" /><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">that can be resisted by pile is</span></div>
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<img alt="clip_image016" border="0" class="  td-animation-stack-type0-2  ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image016.jpg" height="28" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image016.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="clip_image016" width="134" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Values of the end bearing and skin friction resistance are obtained from soil exploration, pile driving energy and test loadings. These ultimate values are divided by a partial factor of safety of between 2 and 3 to give the allowable values  F<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">eb</span> and F<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">sf</span>.</span></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Horizontal Load:</span></b></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Horizontal load on piles" border="0" class=" ing td-animation-stack-type0-2    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image020.jpg" height="175" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image020.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="Horizontal load on piles" width="184" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The horizontal capacity of a single pile is limited by maximum deflection that the structure can accommodate and also by the structural capacity of the pile.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There are several methods of determining the modulus of subgrade reaction (kN/m3) from which maximum horizontal capacity for a given deflection can be determined.</span></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">GROUP PILE CAPACITY CALCULATION:</span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Piles are generally arranged in groups to support heavy vertical loads. To minimize the size, and therefore the cost of the pile cap, the piles are arranged as close together as possible.</span></div>
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<img alt="Group pile capacity" border="0" class="ing  ing  ing    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed td-animation-stack-type0-2    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image022.jpg" height="330" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image022.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="Group pile capacity" width="261" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To provide undisturbed bearing capacity and suitable driving conditions, the recommended minimum clear distance between the piles is twice the diameter of the pile.</span></div>
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<img alt="Minimum clear spacing between piles" border="0" class="ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed td-animation-stack-type0-2    ed    ed    ed    ed    ed   lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image024.jpg" height="118" src="https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/clip_image024.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56);" title="Minimum clear spacing between piles" width="133" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The total vertical service load on a group of piles should not exceed the group capacity, which is given by:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Group capacity= group friction capacity + group end bearing capacity</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">= 2D(L+K)k1 + BLk2</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Where k1 and k2 are soil coefficients. Individual pile loads within the group are limited to the single pile capacity.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Also here describe mostly followed design small book that can help you to design pile foundation and calculation pile capacity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/1oD89x" target="_blank">A comparison of friction piles bearing Capacity.pdf - 4.6 MB</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8AE" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Comparison of Five Different Methods for Determining.pdf - 4.0 MB</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8BJ" target="_blank">field-estimates-pile-capacity.pdf - 278 KB</a> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8An" target="_blank">pile design1-das.pdf - 1.2 MB</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8Br" target="_blank">Pile Exmple Solution.pdf - 322 KB</a> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8CS" target="_blank">Pile Foundation Design -2.pdf - 776 KB</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8D1" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pile Foundation Design.pdf - 1.2 MB</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8Db" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pile Foundations.pdf - 887 KB</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/1oD8EI" target="_blank">PILED FOUNDATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.pdf - 9.5 MB</a>  </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">also you can download foundation related books.</span><br />
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PILE LOAD CAPACITY CALCULATION

Pile load capacity calculation is done to find the ultimate load the pile foundation can support when loaded. It is also known as the be...

Typical weights of building materials

0 Design, ENGINEERING CODE 1:07 AM

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="paragraph" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<span style="color: black;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Most common materials:</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 175px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Material</span></em></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Description</span></em></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="wsite-spacer" style="height: 50px;">
</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="paragraph">
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Weight in kN/m2 U.N.O.</span></em></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div style="height: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 800px;">
</div>
<hr class="styled-hr" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.129412); border: 0pt none; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.129412); height: 1px; margin: 0px auto; text-align: center; width: 800px;" />
<div style="height: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 800px;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 174px;"><div class="paragraph">
Blockwork<br />
Brickwork<br />
Concrete<br />
Glass<br />
Steel<br />
Timber</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
Lightweight<br />
London stock<br />
Normal reinforcement<br />
Clear float<br />
Mild<br />
Softwood</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 142px;"><div class="wsite-spacer" style="height: 50px;">
</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="paragraph">
10 kN/m3<br />
19 kN/m3<br />
24 kN/m3<br />
25 kN/m3<br />
78 kN/m3<br />
6 kN/m3<br />
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Full list of materials:</span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Material</span></em></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Description</span></em></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 138px;"><div class="paragraph">
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Thickness/ </span></em><br />
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">quantity of unit</span></em></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="paragraph">
<em style="position: relative;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Weight in kN/m2 U.N.O.</span></em></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div style="height: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 800px;">
</div>
<hr class="styled-hr" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.129412); border: 0pt none; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.129412); height: 1px; margin: 0px auto; text-align: center; width: 800px;" />
<div style="height: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 800px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> A</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Aggregate<br />
Aluminium<br />
<br />
<br />
Asphalt</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
Cast alloy<br />
Longstrip roofing<br />
Bronze<br />
Roofing - 2 layers<br />
Paving</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 137px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
0.8 mm<br />
<br />
25 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
16 kN/m3<br />
27 kN/m3<br />
0.022<br />
76 kN/m3<br />
0.58<br />
21 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>B</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Bituminous felt roofing<br />
Bitumen<br />
Blockboard<br />
Blockwork<br />
<br />
<br />
Books<br />
<br />
Brass<br />
Brickwork<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bronze</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 253px;"><div class="paragraph">
3 layers and vapour barrier<br />
<br />
Sheet<br />
Aerated concrete<br />
Dense aggregate<br />
Lightweight<br />
On shelves<br />
Bulk<br />
Cast<br />
Blue<br />
Engineering<br />
Fletton<br />
London stock<br />
Sand lime<br />
Cast</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 135px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
18 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
0.11<br />
11-13 kN/m3<br />
0.11<br />
5-9 kN/m3<br />
20 kN/m3<br />
7-14 kN/m3<br />
7 kN/m3<br />
8-11 kN/m3<br />
85 kN/m3<br />
24 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
19 kN/m3<br />
21 kN/m3<br />
83 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wsite-adsense" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>C</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Cast stone<br />
Cement<br />
Chalk<br />
Chippboard<br />
<br />
<br />
Chippings<br />
Clay<br />
Concrete<br />
<br />
<br />
Coal<br />
Copper<br />
<br />
Cork</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sheet<br />
Sheet<br />
Flat roof finish<br />
Undisturbed<br />
Aerated<br />
Lightweight aggregate<br />
Normal reinforced<br />
Loose lump<br />
Cast<br />
Longstrip roofing<br />
Granulated</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 136px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
18mm<br />
22mm<br />
1 layer<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
0.6 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
23 kN/m3<br />
15 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
7 kN/m3<br />
0.12<br />
0.15<br />
0.05<br />
19 kN/m3<br />
10 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
24 kN/m3<br />
9 kN/m3<br />
87 kN/m3<br />
0.05<br />
1 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> F</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
False ceiling<br />
Felt</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
Steel framing<br />
Roofing underlay<br />
Insulating<br />
3 layer plus chippings</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 139px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
50 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
0.1<br />
0.015<br />
0.05<br />
0.35</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>G</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Glass<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Glass wool<br />
Gold<br />
Granite<br />
Gravel</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 250px;"><div class="paragraph">
Crushed/refuse<br />
Clear float<br />
Single glazing<br />
Double glazing<br />
Quilt<br />
<br />
<br />
Loose<br />
Undisturbed</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 136px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
100 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"><div class="paragraph">
16 kN/m3<br />
25 kN/m3<br />
0.3<br />
0.52<br />
0.01<br />
194 kN/m3<br />
27.3 kN/m3<br />
16 kN/m3<br />
21 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>H</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Hardboard<br />
Hardcore<br />
Hardwood<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Hollow clay pot slabs</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
Greenheart<br />
Oak<br />
Iroko, teak<br />
Mahogany<br />
Including ribs & mortar (but not topping)</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 138px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
300 mm thick overall<br />
100 mm thick overall</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="paragraph">
6-8 kN/m3<br />
19 kN/m3<br />
10 kN/m3<br />
8 kN/m3<br />
7 kN/m3<br />
6 kN/m3<br />
12 kN/m3<br />
15 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> I</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Insulation<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Iron<br />
<br />
Ivory</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
Glass fibre<br />
Glass fibre<br />
Polystyrene<br />
Rockwool<br />
Cast<br />
Wrought</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 138px;"><div class="paragraph">
100 mm<br />
150 mm<br />
<br />
25 mm<br />
<br /></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
0.02<br />
0.03<br />
0.04<br />
0.01<br />
72 kN/m3<br />
77 kN/m3<br />
19 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> L</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Lead<br />
<br />
<br />
Lime<br />
<br />
<br />
Linoleum</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 246px;"><div class="paragraph">
Cast<br />
Sheet<br />
Sheet<br />
Hydrate (bags)<br />
Lump/quick (powder)<br />
Mortar (putty)<br />
Sheet</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 141px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
1.8 mm<br />
3.2 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
3.2 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
114 kN/m3<br />
0.21<br />
0.36<br />
6 kN/m3<br />
10 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
0.05</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wsite-adsense" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> M</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Macadam<br />
Magnesium<br />
Metal roof cladding<br />
MDF<br />
Mercury<br />
Mortar<br />
Mud</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 250px;"><div class="paragraph">
Paving<br />
<br />
Alloys<br />
Sheet</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 137px;"><div class="wsite-spacer" style="height: 50px;">
</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
21 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
0.07<br />
8 kN/m3<br />
136 kN/m3<br />
17-18 kN/m3<br />
17-20 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> P</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Partitions<br />
<br />
<br />
Patent glazing<br />
<br />
Pavement stones<br />
Peat<br />
Plaster<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Plastic<br />
Plywood<br />
<br />
<br />
Polystyrene<br />
Precast concrete</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 248px;"><div class="paragraph">
Plastered brick<br />
Medium dense plastered block<br />
Plaster board on timber stud<br />
Single glazed<br />
Double glazed<br />
Cast iron or concrete framed<br />
<br />
Plasterboard<br />
Plasterboard<br />
Wallboard and skim coat<br />
Lath and plaster<br />
Traditional lime plaster<br />
Traditional lath + plaster ceiling<br />
Plasterboard on timber stud<br />
Plastered brick 102 + 2 x 13mm<br />
Plastered medium density block<br />
Corrugated<br />
<br />
Sheet<br />
Sheet<br />
Expanded sheet<br />
Beam and block + 50 mm topping<br />
Hollowcore plank<br />
Hollowcore plank<br />
Hollowcore plank<br />
Solid plank plus 50 mm topping</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 140px;"><div class="paragraph">
102 + 2 x 13 mm<br />
100 + 2 x 13 mm<br />
100 + 2 x 13 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
100 mm<br />
<br />
12.5 mm<br />
19 mm<br />
13 mm<br />
19 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
12.5 mm<br />
19 mm<br />
<br />
150-225 mm<br />
150 mm<br />
200 mm<br />
250-450 mm<br />
75-300 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
2.6<br />
2.0<br />
0.35<br />
0.26-0.3<br />
0.52<br />
1.5<br />
11 kN/m3<br />
0.09<br />
0.15<br />
0.12<br />
0.25<br />
20 kN/m3<br />
0.5<br />
0.35<br />
2.6<br />
2.0<br />
0.04<br />
7 kN/m3<br />
0.08<br />
0.12<br />
0.2 kN/m3<br />
1.8-3.3<br />
2.4<br />
2.8<br />
3.7-5.5<br />
3.7-7.4</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> Q</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Quarry tiles</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
Including mortar & bedding</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 138px;"><div class="paragraph">
12.5 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
0.32</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> R</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Raised floors<br />
<br />
<br />
Ribbed slab<br />
Roofing tiles</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><div class="paragraph">
Heavy duty<br />
Medium weight<br />
Lightweight<br />
<br />
Clay - plain<br />
Clay pantile<br />
Concrete<br />
Slate</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 138px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
250-500 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 143px;"><div class="paragraph">
0.5<br />
0.4<br />
0.3<br />
4.0-5.7<br />
0.77<br />
0.42<br />
0.51<br />
0.3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>S</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Sand<br />
<br />
Screed<br />
<br />
<br />
Slate<br />
Snow<br />
<br />
Softwood<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Soils<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Stainless steel roofing<br />
Steel<br />
Stone<br />
    Granite<br />
<br />
    Limestone<br />
<br />
<br />
    Marble<br />
    Sandstone<br />
<br />
<br />
    Slate<br />
Suspended ceiling</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
Dry, loose<br />
Wet, compact<br />
Sand/cement<br />
<br />
<br />
Slab<br />
Fresh<br />
Wet, compacted<br />
<br />
T&G (Tongue and Groove)<br />
T&G (Tongue and Groove)<br />
Battens for slating & tiling<br />
25 mm T&G boards on 100x50 timber joists @ 400 crs<br />
25 mm T&G boards on 250x50 timber joists @ 400 crs<br />
Loose sand & gravels<br />
Dense sand & gravels<br />
Soft/firm clays & silts<br />
Stiff clays and silts<br />
Longstrip<br />
Mild<br />
<br />
Cornish (Cornwall)<br />
Rublislaw (Grampian)<br />
Bath (Wiltshire)<br />
Mansfield (Nottinghamshire)<br />
Portland (Dorset)<br />
Italian<br />
Bramley Fell (West Yorkshire)<br />
Forest of Dean (Gloucestershire)<br />
Dalrey Dale or Kerridge (Derbyshire)<br />
Welsh<br />
Aluminium<br />
Steel</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 139px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
50 mm<br />
75 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
15.5 mm<br />
22 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
0.4 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
16 kN/m3<br />
19 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
1.15<br />
1.8<br />
28 kN/m3<br />
1 kN/m3<br />
3 kN/m3<br />
6 kN/m3<br />
0.09<br />
0.12<br />
0.03<br />
0.23<br />
<br />
0.33<br />
<br />
16 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
21 kN/m3<br />
0.05<br />
78 kN/m3<br />
<br />
26 kN/m3<br />
25 kN/m3<br />
21 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
27 kN/m3<br />
22 kN/m3<br />
24 kN/m3<br />
23-25 kN/m3<br />
28 kN/m3<br />
0.05<br />
0.1</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> T</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Timber<br />
<br />
Terracotta<br />
Terrazzo<br />
Thatch</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 249px;"><div class="paragraph">
C16<br />
C24<br />
<br />
Paving<br />
Including battens</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 139px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
<br />
<br />
20 mm<br />
305 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 144px;"><div class="paragraph">
3.6 kN/m3<br />
4.1 kN/m3<br />
18 kN/m3<br />
0.42<br />
0.45</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> W</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Waffle slab<br />
Water<br />
Woodwool slabs</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 252px;"><div class="paragraph">
Standard moulds<br />
Fresh</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 135px;"><div class="paragraph">
325-525 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><div class="paragraph">
6.0-8.6<br />
10 kN/m3<br />
6 kN/m3</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>Z</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 830px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 178px;"><div class="paragraph">
Zinc</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 252px;"><div class="paragraph">
Cast<br />
Longstrip roofing</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 134px;"><div class="paragraph">
<br />
0.8 mm</div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"><div class="paragraph">
72 kN/m3<br />
0.06</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wsite-adsense" style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
</div>
<div style="font-size: 11.68px; line-height: 17.52px;">
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Main Post From </div>

Typical weights of building materials

Most common materials: Material Description Weight in kN/m2 U.N.O. Blockwork Brickwork Concrete Glass ...

FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY Joseph E. Bowles, RE., S.E.

1 BOOKS, Engineer 2:26 AM

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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Title of the book: Foundation Analysis and Design<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Authors: Joseph E. Bowles, RE., S.E.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Edition:  5th<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Publishers: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">ISBN: 0-07-912247-7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Pages: 1230<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Chapters: 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Files type: PDF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Contents:                       <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Geotechnical and Index Properties: Laboratory Testing; Settlement and Strength Correlations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Exploration, Sampling, and In Situ Soil Measurements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Bearing Capacity of Foundations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Foundation Settlements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Improving Site Soils for Foundation Use<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Factors to Consider in Foundation Design<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Spread Footing Design<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Special Footings and Beams on Elastic Foundations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Mat Foundations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Lateral Earth Pressure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Mechanically Stabilized Earth and Concrete Retaining Walls<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Sheet-pile Walls: Cantilevered and Anchored<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Walls for Excavations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Cellular Cofferdams<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Single Piles – Static Capacity and Lateral Loads; Pile/Pole Buckling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Single Piles: Dynamic Analysis, Load Tests</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Pile Foundations: Groups</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Drilled Piers or Caissons</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Design of Foundations for Vibration Controls</span><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/aplub7aps11r" target="_blank">APPENDIX REFERENCE INDEX.pdf - 2.2 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/yt8nmslvmvdp" target="_blank">CHAPTER - 1, INTRODUCTION.pdf - 756 KB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/8060yfdji77f" target="_blank">CHAPTER - 2, GEOTECHNICAL AND INDEX PROPERTIES LABORATORY TESTING, SETTEMENT AND STRENGTH CORRELATIONS.pdf - 5.6 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/aef3gxydcigz" target="_blank">CHAPTER - 3, EXPLORATION, SAMPLING AND IN SITTU SOIL MEASUREMENTS.pdf - 1.5 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/2tln075v2f5r" target="_blank">CHAPTER - 4 BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATION.pdf - 1.0 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/mu67oxcbka7d" target="_blank">CHAPTER -5 FOUNDATION SETTLEMENTS.pdf - 1.6 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/ewwgqee8z4fd" target="_blank">CHAPTER -6 IMPROVEING SITE SOILS FOR FOUNDATION USE.pdf - 1.1 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/t7sz5pab8w2q" target="_blank">CHAPTER -7 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN FOUNDATION DESIGN.pdf - 1.2 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/fhpzns0xzfcm" target="_blank">CHAPTER -8 SPREAD FOOTING DESIGN.pdf - 1007 KB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/4o299hhuf6u6" target="_blank">CHAPTER-9 SPECIAL FOOTINGS AND BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION.pdf - 915 KB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/fd7bpmqeieni" target="_blank">CHAPTER-10 MAT FOUNDATION.pdf - 771 KB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/4ee3l4cj7ii5" target="_blank">CHAPTER-11 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE.pdf - 1.0 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/fznkbyfbxl3b" target="_blank">CHAPTER-12 MECHANICALLY STABLIZED EARTH AND CONRETE RETAINING WALLS.pdf - 1.2 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/3v5c8xmwoycw" target="_blank">CHAPTER-13 SHEET PILE WALLS CANTILEVERED AND ANCHORED.pdf - 1001 KB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/p6to8o8kjii6" target="_blank">CHAPTER-14 WALLS FOR EXCAVATIONS.pdf - 685 KB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/tlz5geg37yxv" target="_blank">CHAPTER-15 CELLULAR COFFERDAMS.pdf - 572 KB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/laahioeltl46" target="_blank">CHAPTER-16 SINGLE PILES—STATIC CAPACITY AND LATERAL LOADS PILE POLE BUCKLING.pdf - 1.5 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/8q4rgpaacjp2" target="_blank">CHAPTER-17 SINGLE PILES DYNAMIC ANALYSIS LOAD TESTS.pdf - 1.7 MB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/glp7of6shqam" target="_blank">CHAPTER-18 PILE FOUNDATIONS GROUPS.pdf - 779 KB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/x1udgt9c3v1j" target="_blank">CHAPTER-19 DRILLED PIERS OR CAISSONS.pdf - 624 KB</a><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/bs3ppa9nu8hn" target="_blank">CHAPTER-20 DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS FOR VIBRATION CONTROLS.pdf - 679 KB</a>
</div>

FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY Joseph E. Bowles, RE., S.E.

Title of the book: Foundation Analysis and Design Authors: Joseph E. Bowles, RE., S.E. Edition: 5th Publishers: The McGraw-Hill ...

DESIGN OF STEEL TRUSS PURLIN STRUCTURE

1 Design, Engineer, ENGINEERING CODE, STEEL STRUCTURE 9:25 PM

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<a href="http://tinypic.com/?ref=5lq8mv" target="_blank"><img alt="Image and video hosting by TinyPic" border="0" height="112" src="http://i66.tinypic.com/5lq8mv.jpg" title="DESIGN OF STEEL TRUSS PURLIN STRUCTURE" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">S<b style="color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">tructural steel</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">is</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.4px;">steel</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">construction material, a</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.4px;">profile</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, formed with a specific</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.4px;">shape</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">or</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.4px;">cross section</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">and certain standards of</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.4px;">chemical composition</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">and mechanical properties. Structural steel shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc., is regulated in most industrialized countries.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Structural steel members, such as <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">I</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">-beams</span></span>, have high second moments of area, which allow them to be very stiff in respect to their cross-sectional area.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If you have a steel structure book  then you can design any kind of steel structure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">below i describe some book.</span><br />
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<a href="https://userscloud.com/y0suv3rdcdcc" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="44" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbmhD9YA0NY-8EWQIJZLirxrpA7C67ZdtY_0MPy2PctFu7Fd72di4Kb_JmgzJOI1FyXrfL5hs2K5uhn50pIcC6q_VE_kckY1qbQOb9zbwTrjEa70CuNO88Ln1m-_RoXw2cuR1f9gx-4VVm/s200/52mnmu.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://userscloud.com/ap0k0k8m69mp" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="44" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbmhD9YA0NY-8EWQIJZLirxrpA7C67ZdtY_0MPy2PctFu7Fd72di4Kb_JmgzJOI1FyXrfL5hs2K5uhn50pIcC6q_VE_kckY1qbQOb9zbwTrjEa70CuNO88Ln1m-_RoXw2cuR1f9gx-4VVm/s200/52mnmu.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">also for you describe some image of steel structure details</span></div>
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DESIGN OF STEEL TRUSS PURLIN STRUCTURE

S tructural steel is steel construction material, a profile , formed with a specific shape or cross section and certain stan...

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DESIGN OF STEEL TRUSS PURLIN STRUCTURE

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